TECHNO REVIEW Journal of Technology and Management
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals TECHNO REVIEW Journal of Technology and Management (TRJTM) is an international, peer-reviewed, refereed online journal dedicated to publishing high-quality scholarly research in the fields of technology, engineering, and management. The journal provides a global platform for academicians, researchers, industry professionals, and scholars from diverse geographical regions to disseminate original research, innovative ideas, and critical perspectives. TRJTM publishes articles addressing both theoretical and empirical issues of international relevance, including case studies with global and regional practical implications, research on learning and teaching methodologies across international academic environments, and critical reviews of recently published books of global scholarly interest. Unlike conventional journals that focus on narrowly defined subject domains, TRJTM adopts a multidisciplinary and inclusive approach, facilitating cross-border knowledge exchange and wider dissemination of research across the international scientific and academic community. Journal Information Journal Title: TECHNO REVIEW Journal of Technology and Management (TRJTM) Year of Start: 2021 ISSN (Online): 2583-0716 Publication Frequency: Quarterly (Four Issues per Year) Subjects: Engineering and Technology, Computer Science, Management Language: English Peer Review Process: Double-Blind Peer Review Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Screening: Turnitin Publication Mode: Online Contact Information Phone: +91 9328490029 Email: editor@technoreview.co.in Website: https://technoreview.co.in/index.php/TRJTM/index Address: D-302, Surya Kiran Heights, Behind Gayatri Mandir, Kalol-382721, District Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
A Study on Consumer Perception towards Online Shopping of Electronic Products with Special Reference to Ahmedabad Region
The widespread adoption of internet-enabled devices has significantly altered how consumers approach product purchases. Within this evolving landscape, online retail has gained prominence as a favored medium, largely attributed to its round-the-clock accessibility, ease of transaction, and the extensive product assortment it offers. For digital merchants, grasping how shoppers perceive this purchasing mode is critical — such understanding enables the identification of drivers and barriers influencing purchase decisions on e-commerce platforms. This research specifically investigates consumer attitudes toward buying electronic goods online, focusing on the Ahmedabad urban market. A structured survey instrument was administered to gather primary data, employing a non-probability convenience sampling strategy. Results reveal that several variables shape consumers' propensity to shop for electronics via the internet. These include perceived trustworthiness of online sellers, website navigability, transaction security assurances, dependability of product delivery, prior familiarity with internet usage, and the quality of local digital connectivity. The findings offer actionable guidance for e-marketing professionals and electronic product vendors aiming to elevate user satisfaction and reinforce their market standing in an increasingly competitive digital economy.
Neurodiversity and Inclusive Retention Practices: Designing Workplaces for Cognitive Equity
Neurodiversity encompassing conditions such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, and related cognitive differences affects an estimated 15–20% of India’s workforce, yet systemic stigma, lack of awareness, and inadequate accommodations result in extremely low employment and retention rates (Deloitte India, 2025). In India’s knowledge-driven sectors, particularly IT, ITES, BPO, fintech, and consulting key pillars of the $250+ billion services export economy neurodivergent talent offers a significant untapped advantage in analytical thinking, pattern recognition, creativity, and innovation. This post-2025 assessment synthesizes global and India-specific evidence, including insights from NASSCOM (2025), EY Global Neuroinclusion Study (2025), Deloitte India (2025), and Marching Sheep PwD Inclusion Index (2025). It examines how neuro-inclusive practices flexible/hybrid working, psychological safety, reasonable accommodations under the RPwD Act 2016, manager training, and skills-based recruitment improve employee engagement and retention. Key Indian data reveal stark gaps: PwD representation in listed companies remains below 1% (0.65% overall), with 37.9% of firms employing zero persons with disabilities (Marching Sheep, 2025). Neurodivergent professionals face 85–90% underemployment rates, high masking (over 90%), and elevated turnover due to stigma and lack of support. Conversely, pioneering Indian programs at Accenture India, SAP Labs, Infosys, TCS, and Wipro achieve retention rates above 85–90% with productivity gains of 30–140% in neurodiverse teams (NASSCOM, 2025). Truly included neurodivergent employees show higher proficiency in critical skills like AI, cybersecurity, and problem-solving. Cognitive equity is not just a compliance or DEI imperative but a strategic necessity for India’s talent retention and global competitiveness in a $5 trillion economy.
From Farm to Fork: Analyzing Cold Chain Innovations in Agricultural Supply Chains and Its Implications on Post-Harvest Losses in India
Cold chain systems play a crucial role in minimizing post-harvest losses and enhancing efficiency in agricultural supply chains, particularly in developing economies such as India. This study examines the structure and evolution of cold chain innovations across India’s agricultural supply chains from a comprehensive farm-to-fork perspective and assesses their implications for reducing post-harvest losses and improving supply chain efficiency. The research adopts a mixed data approach, utilizing both secondary data from government reports, international organizations, and industry publications, as well as primary data collected from 300 stakeholders including farmers, traders, and logistics operators. Trend analysis of secondary data examines the growth of cold chain infrastructure and storage capacity during 2015–2025, while comparative and content analysis methods help identify regional disparities, sectoral variations, and policy implementation gaps. Primary data analysis employs descriptive statistics and non-parametric inferential techniques to evaluate the adoption levels of cold chain innovations and their relationship with supply chain performance and post-harvest losses. The findings indicate a steady expansion of cold chain infrastructure in India, driven by government initiatives and increased private sector participation. Statistical analysis of primary data reveals a significant negative relationship between the availability of cold chain infrastructure and post-harvest losses, confirming that improved infrastructure increases supply chain efficiency and reduces the waste of perishable commodities such as fruits, vegetables, and fish. However, the study also identifies persistent structural challenges, including regional imbalances, limited technological adoption, and inadequate last-mile connectivity, which constrain the overall effectiveness of cold chain systems. The study concludes that cold chain innovations have a substantial and positive impact on reducing post-harvest losses and strengthening agricultural supply chain efficiency in India. Nevertheless, achieving sustainable and inclusive farm-to-fork integration requires a greater focus on integrated multi-commodity infrastructure, equitable regional development, technological advancement, and coordinated policy implementation.
Feminism and Human Rights: A Philosophical Inquiry into Gender Justice
This essay emphasizes the importance of gender justice in current ethical and legal debate while examining the complex relationship between feminism and human rights through a philosophical lens. Although normatively appealing, I believe that traditional human rights frameworks have historically disadvantaged women and gender minority groups by ignoring the private, social, and relational aspects of oppression in favour of male-centered experiences and public domain concerns. The study makes the case that gender is socially created, performatively enacted, and inextricably linked to larger structural injustices by interacting with the fundamental ideas of scholars like Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler in addition to intersectional theorists. I argue that feminist philosophy reconstructs ethical theory to include relationality, caring, and contextual understanding as crucial elements of justice in addition to criticizing the shortcomings of traditional rights rhetoric. The study also looks at current obstacles to gender justice, such as the fragmentation of digital activism, neoliberal co-optation, and the imperfect institutionalization of intersectional frameworks, which highlight the necessity of flexible and critically thought-out approaches to human rights. This investigation emphasizes feminism’s transformative role in reshaping the conceptual, normative, and operational dimensions of human rights by fusing philosophical analysis with practical implications. This shows that a truly inclusive human rights framework must actively address gendered inequities. In the end, the article emphasizes that the ethical, political, and social achievement of universal human dignity, equality, and freedom depends on the advancement of gender justice.
Swami Vivekananda’s Interpretation of Niskama Karma: Bridging Philosophy and Activism
Swami Vivekananda’s elucidation of Niskama Karma (selfless action) presents a distinctive amalgamation of classical Hindu philosophy with contemporary social activism. Grounded in the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, Niskama Karma traditionally underscores the need of executing one’s responsibilities devoid of attachment to results. Vivekananda elaborates on this notion by merging altruistic activity with the imperative for social involvement and reform. His interpretation contests traditional views of renunciation, advocating for active engagement in societal improvement while preserving spiritual detachment. Vivekananda emphasizes the relationship between individual spiritual development and social responsibility, thereby connecting philosophical reflection with actual engagement. His focus on Karma Yoga as a method for altering the individual and society is significantly pertinent in modern discussions on ethics, social justice, and activism. This dissertation rigorously analyzes Vivekananda’s redefinition of Niskama Karma, investigating its philosophical foundations and its influence on Indian social philosophy and international spiritual movements.
Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj: A Critical Analysis of Swaraj and Self-Rule Concepts
In the context of larger philosophical, ethical, and political discourses on self-rule, this essay critically analyses the idea of Swaraj as it is presented by Mahatma Gandhi in his landmark work Hind Swaraj. I contend that Gandhi’s conception of Swaraj offers a thorough moral and civilizational critique of modernity, going beyond the limited political meaning of freedom from colonial rule. This paper investigates how Gandhi views Swaraj as self-mastery, ethical autonomy, and collective moral responsibility based on truth (satya) and nonviolence (ahimsa) through a thorough textual and philosophical examination. I further argue that Gandhi’s critique of industrial modern civilization, materialism, and centralized state power is inextricably linked to his idea of self-rule. Gandhi redefines freedom as the development of disciplined individuals capable of upholding just and independent societies, rather than just institutional sovereignty, by emphasizing the ethical aspect of politics. This essay also considers the applicability of Swaraj now in light of globalization, consumerism, and democratic crises, arguing that Gandhi’s theory provides a different framework based on decentralization, moral restraint, and civic engagement. In the end, I contend that Hind Swaraj offers a normative vision of freedom that combines societal reconstruction with personal transformation, greatly advancing discussions in political theory, postcolonial philosophy, and ethical philosophy.
Transforming Teacher Education Under NEP 2020: A Policy Analysis
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which aims to match teacher preparation with the requirements of modern, learner-centered, competency-driven classrooms, marks a paradigm shift in the conception and practice of teacher education in India. This strategy, in my opinion, offers a thorough framework that combines pedagogical advancements, institutional reforms, and professional development pathways to improve the effectiveness, inclusivity, and quality of teachers. The theoretical foundations, structural claims, pedagogical ramifications, and probable difficulties of NEP 2020’s teacher education changes are all critically examined in this essay. The study identifies several transformative interventions aimed at modernizing and professionalizing teacher preparation, including the implementation of a four-year integrated teacher education program, the reorganization of teacher education institutions, digital integration, and the focus on ongoing professional development. NEP 2020 emphasizes reflective practice and culturally sensitive instruction while promoting learner-centered, inquiry-based, and interdisciplinary pedagogical approaches. However, fundamental issues include institutional capacity deficits, opposition to change, infrastructure inequities, and the uneven acceptance of reforms among states limit implementation. In order to effectively transform policy goals into classroom realities, the paper contends that although NEP 2020 offers a visionary blueprint, its success hinges on capacity building, intelligent resource allocation, and active stakeholder participation. In the end, NEP 2020 frames teacher education as a dynamic, equitable, and forward-thinking endeavour that aims to develop thoughtful, skilled, and flexible teachers who can encourage students’ critical thinking, creativity, and lifelong learning. Policymakers, educators, and academics interested in educational transformation might benefit from this analysis, which advances knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of teacher education reform.
The Ramayana as a Text of Values: Duty, Emotion, and Ideal Conduct
The Ramayana is more than an epic narrative; it is a foundational text of values that integrates duty (dharma), emotion (rasa), and ideal conduct to guide ethical and human behaviour. This study examines how the epic presents moral principles through the lived experiences of its characters, highlighting the dynamic interplay between obligation, emotional depth, and exemplary action. Characters such as Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman embody ethical ideals in ways that are both aspirational and relatable, demonstrating that moral life requires a balance of discipline, compassion, resilience, and devotion. By portraying ethical dilemmas alongside emotional responses, the Ramayana humanizes moral experience, showing that ethical decisions are not abstract rules but deeply connected to human feelings and social responsibilities. Furthermore, the epic’s teachings remain relevant in contemporary contexts. Its insights into leadership, justice, social responsibility, and emotional intelligence provide guidance for modern ethical challenges, including personal decision-making, governance, and interpersonal relationships. Critical reinterpretations, including feminist and cultural perspectives, further highlight the text’s adaptability and enduring significance, opening avenues for re-examining agency, gender, and moral reasoning. The plurality of Ramayana traditions across regions underscores its capacity to resonate with diverse audiences while maintaining core ethical principles. The Ramayana functions as a living text of values, offering timeless lessons on duty, emotion, and ideal conduct. Its integration of ethical theory with human experience ensures its continued relevance, making it a vital resource for moral reflection and practical guidance in contemporary life.
Role of Government Policies in Promoting Entrepreneurship
In modern economies, entrepreneurship is a primary driver of economic growth, innovation, and job creation. Government policies are critical for creating an environment that promotes the growth and sustainability of entrepreneurial ventures. This article examines how institutional frameworks, financial aid, regulations, and government activities promote entrepreneurship. Policies that simplify company procedures, make finance available, encourage talent development, and invest in infrastructure can help to reduce new business barriers. Government programs promoting inclusive entrepreneurship, innovation, and small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) help to develop the entrepreneurial climate. The paper underlines how successful government efforts encourage economic growth, competitiveness, and social advancement while also encouraging the formation of new firms.
The Digital Divide and Social Inequality in Contemporary Society
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed modern societies by influencing economic activities, education systems, communication patterns, and political participation. However, unequal access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) has created a phenomenon known as the digital divide. This divide reflects disparities between individuals and social groups in terms of access, skills, and outcomes related to digital technology. The digital divide has become an important sociological issue because it reinforces existing inequalities such as income disparities, educational differences, and social exclusion. This paper examines the relationship between digital inequality and social stratification by analyzing theoretical perspectives and previous research. It reviews literature on the development of the digital divide concept, discusses the role of socioeconomic factors in shaping technological access, and highlights the consequences for marginalized communities. The study concludes that bridging the digital divide requires coordinated social policies, educational initiatives, and inclusive technological development to ensure equitable participation in the digital society.
Optimization of WSN PLEACH to Ensure Optimised Lifetime of the Network
The PLEACH protocol is a chain-based routing approach used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to reduce energy consumption and improve network throughput. However, a major limitation arises during data aggregation at the cluster head (CH), as the CH may exhaust its energy before forwarding all aggregated packets, resulting in increased packet drop ratio and reduced network reliability. To overcome this issue, the protocol is enhanced by incorporating a buffering mechanism in the form of a queue along with a multi-attribute cluster head selection strategy. In the modified approach, if the cluster head depletes its energy, the remaining aggregated packets are temporarily stored in the queue instead of being lost, and the newly selected cluster head retrieves and forwards these packets to the base station. Additionally, cluster head selection is based on multiple parameters, including maximum residual energy and minimum distance to the base station, ensuring efficient energy utilization and reliable data transmission. The proposed enhancement achieves better performance in terms of lower energy consumption, reduced packet drop ratio, and improved network throughput compared to the conventional PLEACH protocol.
Digital migration and the regulatory experience in Zambia
This paper analyses the shift from analogue to digital television broadcasting in Zambia. The migration significantly changed the media environment, introducing substantial changes for TV stations, channels, and content suppliers. The transition offered numerous advantages, including superior audio and video quality for an improved viewer experience. This paper employs a qualitative, descriptive research methodology based on comprehensive review of existing literature, policy documents, and reports concerning digital television migration in Zambia. A key technical benefit was efficient use of radio frequency spectrum through multiplexing, freeing up bands for services like mobile broadband. The digital platform expanded content availability, fostering greater competition and supporting local content producers. Economically, the transition stimulated growth by creating jobs and boosting local industries through demand for digital equipment. However, significant challenges persisted, notably high implementation costs for infrastructure and equipment, technical complexities requiring qualified personnel, and risk of widening the digital divide due to accessibility issues in rural areas. The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) oversaw this transition with successes but struggled with ensuring universal access and managing financial and technical aspects.
Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA)
Socio-Economic Influences on Digital Literacy: Insights from Generation Z in Sikkim
Background: In Sikkim’s rapidly evolving digital environment, digital literacy has become essential for Generation-Z, shaping their academic, professional, and entrepreneurial opportunities. The state’s ongoing digital transformation, driven by increased access to technology and AI, raises critical questions about how socio-economic factors may influence the development of digital competencies in this cohort. Objectives: This study investigates the association between digital literacy levels and key socio-economic variables-such as gender, age, educational qualification, educational institution, field of study, family annual income-among Generation-Z university students in Gangtok. Methods: This study used a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design to examine the association between digital literacy levels and demographic variables among 100 Generation-Z university students in Gangtok. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering digital skills and demographic details. Cross-tabulation and chi-square tests were performed using Jamovi 2.6.44 software to identify statistically significant associations. The digital literacy level was measured through a composite score based on self-assessed proficiency across various digital domains. Results: The analysis revealed a statistically significant association between educational qualification and digital literacy level, with postgraduate students demonstrating higher proficiency than undergraduates. No significant associations were observed for any other socio-economic variables, though minor trends indicated higher digital engagement among certain lower-income students. Conclusion: Academic qualification significantly impacts digital literacy levels among the students surveyed. The findings highlight the need for targeted digital skill-building interventions, particularly for undergraduates, and advocate for performance-based assessment methods to more accurately gauge student competencies. These insights support the development of inclusive digital literacy strategies aligned with India’s broader digital empowerment goals.
Phishing Detection Using Deep Learning: A Systematic Review
Phishing is one of the important cybersecurity threats and hence requires advanced mechanisms to detect it. This review paper discusses Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) techniques about phishing detection that focus on the capability of detecting spatial patterns from URLs, and URL-based phishing detection. The studies that were in this review show character-level CNNs, which give as high as 98.58% accuracy, in which such subtle manipulations in URLs can be identified but there have been challenges such as training time is long. Hybrid models, such as CNN-LSTM integration, achieve an accuracy of 98.34% but are highly dependent on PhishTank data, reducing their applicability. Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) by another author provides an accuracy of 98.95% but the efficacy for real-time applications hasn't been proven. While CNNs are excellent at pattern structure (such as text-to-image translation), problems such as data set bias and computational power make scalability difficult. Future research should focus on lightweightness, varying datasets and hybrid models that will increase the real-world deployability and counter polymorphic phishing.
Determinants of Bifacial Solar Panel Adoption in Gujarat: Assessing Economic, Environmental and Behavioural Influences
This study looks at the elements that influence customer purchasing behaviour for bifacial solar panel installations in Gandhinagar, India. Bifacial solar panels, which generate electricity from both sides, are more efficient and provide longer-term economic benefits than regular solar panels. Despite these advantages, the rate of adoption is determined by a variety of factors, including customer understanding, environmental concerns, government incentives, technology advantages and perceived economic benefits. employed a quantitative research approach. data were systematically collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed through correlation analysis and multiple regression Modeling. The findings show that all five factors have a substantial and favourable impact on customers' choices to install solar panels. The biggest predictor was perceived economic benefit, suggesting that customers are still motivated by return on investment and long-term savings. By lowering perceived financial risks and boosting trust in solar technology, government incentives and technological benefits also had a significant impact. Adoption was positively impacted by environmental concern and bifacial panel awareness, albeit to a significantly smaller degree. The robustness of the suggested framework was confirmed by the model's explain 61% of the variance in customer purchasing behaviour. The results emphasize to combine technological, financial and informational tactics to increase the uptake of renewable energy.
The Role of Green Finance in Supporting Climate-Resilient Practices: Evidence from India’s Manufacturing Sector
This study investigates the role of green finance in promoting climate-resilient practices within India's manufacturing sector. The research explores how these tools can empower marginalised communities and tribal populations to participate in sustainable development. India’s industrial sector needs to be aligned with sustainable development in the context of climate change. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and tribal people are still outside the formal green finance system.This study also emphasises the adoption, barriers and opportunities for digital financial services. The study examines policy gaps, access challenges, and digital inclusion strategies through qualitative approaches. This study analyses the acceptance, barriers and potential of Digital Financial Services or DFS by following the Access-Usage-Quality or AUQ model. This study highlights the potential of green finance to bridge socio-economic disparities. The study identifies multifaceted challenges such as digital illiteracy, infrastructure deficits, gender discrimination and cultural resistance. This is based on interviews with bankers, members of self-help groups and industry experts. It also enhances environmental sustainability and strengthens climate resilience. The study also found that there is huge potential for inclusive financial services through community-based digital learning and local language-based FinTech operators. Lastly, this study provides some insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and development stakeholders in India. Green finance will enable indigenous peoples and SMEs to adopt climate-resilient approaches by following these steps. Eventually, it will help to ensure sustainable industrial development and social equity.
Optimizing Artificial Intelligence Performance through Mathematical Modelling and Statistical Evaluation
The improved accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) has intensified the need for robust theoretical frameworks that ensure reliability, efficiency, and scalability of intelligent systems. While empirical success has driven much of modern AI development, sustained performance optimization increasingly depends on sound mathematical modeling and rigorous statistical evaluation. This paper examines how mathematical structures and statistical methodologies contribute to optimizing AI system performance across learning, inference, and decision-making processes. Core mathematical tools such as linear algebra, calculus, optimization theory, and dynamical systems are analyzed for their roles in model formulation, parameter estimation, and convergence behavior. Complementarily, statistical techniques including probabilistic modeling, statistical learning theory, uncertainty quantification, and hypothesis testing are explored as mechanisms for evaluating model robustness and generalization. The study adopts a systematic analytical approach grounded in established theoretical literature and representative case-based evidence, highlighting how mathematical and statistical principles guide model design choices and performance assessment. Emphasis is placed on understanding trade offs between model complexity, computational efficiency, and predictive accuracy. The paper further discusses how statistical evaluation metrics and validation strategies support objective performance comparison and reliability assessment in complex AI systems. By integrating mathematical modeling with statistical evaluation, the paper provides a unified perspective on performance optimization, offering insights relevant to next generation AI applications in data intensive and safety critical domains. The findings underscore that mathematically and statistically grounded methodologies are essential for developing AI systems that are not only powerful but also interpretable, stable, and trustworthy.
A Comparative Study of Homological Dimensions in Commutative and Non Commutative Rings
Homological dimensions serve as essential invariants in algebra, providing insight into the structural complexity of rings and modules and offering a framework for comparing different algebraic systems. This paper presents a detailed comparative study of homological dimensions in commutative and non commutative rings, emphasizing the theoretical distinctions that arise due to the presence or absence of commutativity. Key homological invariants, including projective dimension, injective dimension, flat dimension, and global dimension, are analyzed to elucidate their role in module theory and ring classification. The study explores how non-commutativity introduces asymmetry between left and right module categories, resulting in divergent homological behaviors that do not appear in commutative contexts. It further examines the impact of these differences on the application of classical homological techniques, including resolutions and dimension theoretic arguments. By synthesizing established results from homological algebra, category theory, and ring theory, the paper provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the comparative structure of modules over commutative and non commutative rings. The findings reveal that homological dimensions are highly sensitive to the underlying algebraic structure, and non commutative rings often exhibit richer, more complex homological phenomena. These insights not only enhance our understanding of algebraic invariants but also have implications for related areas such as representation theory, module classification, and computational algebra. Overall, this work offers a rigorous theoretical foundation for further exploration of homological dimensions and serves as a guide for researchers studying the interplay between ring structure and module-theoretic properties.
A Generalized Homological Characterization of the Radio k- Coloring Problem via Path Covering and Hamiltonian Properties of Graph Complements
This paper presents a comprehensive generalization of the relationship between the radio k–coloring problem and the path covering problem in finite simple graphs. A radio k–coloring of a graph G is defined as an assignment of non-negative integers to its vertices such that |f(u) − f(v)| ≥ k + 1 − d(u, v) for all distinct vertices u, v ∈ V(G), where d(u, v) denotes the distance between u and v. The radio k–chromatic number, rck(G), represents the minimum span of such a coloring. Extending the earlier work of Georges et al. (1994) on the L(2,1)–coloring problem (k = 2), this study develops a generalized characterization for all integers k ≥ 2, establishing a strong link between rck(G) and the path covering number of the complement graph Gᶜ. It is shown that for graphs G that are triangle-free or whose complement Gᶜ contains a Hamiltonian path in each component, the upper bound rck(G) ≤ n(k − 1) + r − k holds, where n is the order of G and r = c(Gᶜ) is the path covering number. The paper also provides necessary and sufficient conditions for equality and extends these results to various graph classes, including complete multipartite, circulant, and join graphs. This generalization establishes a deeper combinatorial and structural connection between graph colorings, Hamiltonian properties, and path covering theory, providing an analytical foundation for further exploration of radio labeling in complex graph families.
Gender Bias in Corporate Leadership- A Study of selected Pharmaceutical Industry of Gujarat
The study titled “Gender Bias in Corporate Leadership – A Study of Selected Pharmaceutical Industry of Gujarat” investigates the persistent issue of gender inequality in leadership roles within Gujarat’s pharmaceutical sector, a significant contributor to India’s economic and industrial landscape. Despite the industry’s growth and the increasing participation of women in the workforce, leadership positions remain predominantly male-dominated. The research explores how gender bias—both conscious and unconscious—manifests through stereotypes, unequal opportunities, and organizational barriers that impede women’s advancement. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, the study employs semi-structured interviews with male and female leaders, mid-level managers, and employees from selected pharmaceutical companies in Gujarat. Thematic analysis of responses reveals that male-centric organizational cultures, limited access to mentorship, work-life balance challenges, and biased evaluation systems serve as primary obstacles to women’s leadership progression. The findings further show that gender stereotypes often shape perceptions of competence and leadership capability, causing women leaders to face double standards compared to their male counterparts. Although some firms have initiated diversity and inclusion programs, the lack of consistent implementation and accountability continues to limit their impact. The study concludes that dismantling gender bias requires a multi-pronged approach—reforming recruitment and promotion policies, establishing transparent advancement frameworks, enhancing mentorship opportunities, and cultivating inclusive corporate cultures that recognize women’s leadership potential. Addressing gender disparity in leadership not only fulfills an ethical and social imperative but also strengthens organizational innovation, decision-making, and overall performance. The paper thus contributes to the growing discourse on gender equity in leadership and provides practical insights for fostering inclusivity within Gujarat’s pharmaceutical industry.
A Study on the Economic Gap between Farm Gate Prices and Urban Retail Costs at Katasvan (Village), Vyara, Tapi
Agriculture continues to serve as the cornerstone of India’s rural economy, yet farmers frequently experience a disproportionate share of returns compared to the retail prices paid by urban consumers. This study investigates the economic gap between farm gate prices and urban retail costs for key agricultural commodities—tomato, onion, potato, brinjal, and chilli—in Katasvan village (Vyara Taluka, Tapi District, Gujarat). The research employs both primary and secondary data, integrating direct farmer surveys with urban market price observations for the year 2022–2023. Descriptive and comparative analyses reveal significant disparities between farm gate and retail prices, ranging from 110% to 280%, primarily driven by multi-layered intermediaries, inadequate storage, and limited direct marketing access. The findings highlight the urgent need for policy interventions, such as strengthening Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs), enhancing digital market linkages, and expanding cold-chain infrastructure to ensure fair price realisation. The study contributes to the discourse on rural economic sustainability by offering insights into price transmission mechanisms and value-chain inefficiencies in India’s agricultural markets.
Study of Cloud-Based Health Monitoring Systems
Cloud-based health monitoring systems (CBHMS) have revolutionized modern healthcare by enabling real-time monitoring and remote access to patient data. These systems integrate cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance medical diagnostics, treatment, and patient care. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of CBHMS, focusing on their architecture, benefits, challenges, and prospects. The study highlights key technological advancements, security considerations, and the potential of emerging innovations like AI-driven analytics and blockchain to improve healthcare delivery.
Investor Perceptions of Cryptocurrency: A Study as an Alternative Investment Instrument
Cryptocurrency has quickly become important in the global financial scene, and it is also becoming more popular with Indian investors. But because it is quite volatile, the government doesn't seem to be clear on how to regulate it, and it is hazardous, investors still have mixed feelings about it. This study examines the perception of cryptocurrency among Indian investors from this standpoint. The research indicated that investors' perceptions are predominantly influenced by technology-driven optimism, anticipations of substantial returns, insufficient regulatory and institutional safeguards, and individual risk tolerance. Young investors who are good with technology are more hopeful because of new technologies and the chance to make money. Older investors who aren't as good with technology are still wary because of market volatility and security issues. Additionally, global and local occurrences, including the exchange collapses of FTX and Mt. Gox, have impacted Indian investors' skepticism and prudent dispositions. The research indicates that investor perceptions extend beyond mere economic advantages to encompass psychological, social, and behavioral aspects. This study seeks to comprehend the influence of investor views, their risk tolerance, and regulatory safeguards in evaluating the behavioral inclinations of Indian investors and their prospective acceptance of cryptocurrencies.
Subliminal Advertising and Its Role in Shaping Consumer Buying Habits: A Gujarat Perspective
The topic of subliminal advertising has been a subject of controversy since 1958, when James Vicary published a study claiming that inserting subliminal messages such as "Drink Coke" and "Eat Popcorn" during a movie led to increased sales at the refreshment stand (Russel, Rowe, & Smouse, 1991). Subliminal advertising refers to marketing techniques that operate below the threshold of conscious awareness—employing stimuli that are not intense enough to be consciously perceived but can still influence mental processes and behavior. In this research, the objective is to examine the effect of subliminal advertising on consumer behavior among consumers in Gujarat state. The study adopts a descriptive research design and utilizes a non-probability convenience sampling method. A sample of 457 consumers from Gujarat state was selected, and the data collected were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings reveal a surprisingly moderate level of awareness regarding subliminal advertising among the participants and indicate a noticeable influence on their consumer behavior.
Innovative Approaches in the Study of Group Rings: From Foundational Structures to Modern Applications
The study of group rings represents a profound and fertile intersection of two core branches of abstract algebra: group theory and ring theory. A group ring, denoted as R[G] or RG, is an algebraic structure formed from a group G and a ring R. It is simultaneously a free module and a ring, constructed to encapsulate the properties of both its constituent components. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the foundational principles of group rings and to explore the innovative approaches that have propelled this field from a purely theoretical discipline into an interdisciplinary area with significant applications. This paper argues that a key driver of innovation is the growing role of computational methods and the discovery of unexpected connections between abstract algebraic properties and practical problems in fields such as cryptography, coding theory, and theoretical physics. Specifically, the paper will discuss the foundational axioms of groups and rings, the formal construction of group rings, and critical properties such as semisimplicity and the unit group. It will then detail the status of long-standing open problems, including Kaplansky's conjectures, and conclude with an analysis of contemporary applications and a forward-looking research agenda.
Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Techniques in Library Management: Challenges and Measures
In 21st century, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed all the human activities and the libraries are not exception to the same. Many of the AI techniques such as Machine Learning, Intelligence Retrieval from Databases, Expert Systems, etc. are user-friendly applications to library services. Even some of the conventional library techniques and services such as library classification, cataloguing, etc. are also influenced by AI techniques. The paper throws light on the AI techniques and application of the same in library management.
A Study on Factors Affecting Foreign Exchange Rate of India (Foreign Exchange Reserves & Inflation)
In simple language, the term exchange rate represents the value of one nation’s currency in relation to another. It determines how much of one currency be exchanged for another and plays a crucial role in international trade and finance. Many a times referred to as the foreign exchange rate or we can say FOREX rate, it influences economic stability, trade competitiveness, and investment flows between countries. Exchange rates are determined in the forex market, a global marketplace where various participants engage in continuous currency trading, operating twenty-four hours a day except on weekends. The spot exchange rate represents the current value at which currencies are exchanged. In contrast, the forward exchange rate is an agreed-upon rate set today for a transaction that will be executed on a future date. In both developed and developing nations, various stakeholders such as foreign exchange investors, exporters, importers, banks, businesses, financial institutions, and travelers base their decisions on exchange rate fluctuations. Changes in exchange rates affect the value of international reserves, influence the competitiveness of exports and imports, determines the cost of repaying foreign debts, and impact travel expenses by altering the purchasing power of a currency. Therefore, fluctuations in exchange rates greatly influence the business cycle, trade dynamics, and capital movements within an economy. Understanding these changes is vital for analyzing financial trends and evaluating shifts in economic policy.
Environmental Impact and Management Challenges in Marble Mining Projects in Rajsamand District
Marble mining in Rajsamand District has significant environmental implications, including deforestation, groundwater depletion, air pollution, water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and habitat destruction. This study assesses the extent of environmental degradation caused by mining activities and examines the key challenges in effective environmental management. A survey of 450 respondents, including industry professionals, environmental regulators, government officials, researchers, and local community members, provided insights into the major concerns associated with marble mining. The findings indicate that inadequate enforcement of environmental regulations, limited community engagement, financial constraints, and technical challenges significantly hinder effective environmental management. One-sample t-test results confirmed that these factors have a statistically significant impact, leading to ineffective mitigation efforts. The study highlights the urgent need for stricter regulatory frameworks, improved financial and technical support, and enhanced stakeholder collaboration to promote sustainable mining practices. Addressing these challenges is crucial for minimizing environmental damage and ensuring long-term ecological balance in marble mining regions.
Fuel Price Fluctuation and Profitability of Petroleum Company in Regulated Market of Rwanda
Fuel price volatility remains a critical challenge for petroleum companies operating in regulated markets. This study examined the impact of fuel price fluctuations on the profitability of petroleum firms in Rwanda, with a particular focus on Vivo Energy Rwanda Ltd. The research aimed to assess the role of supply chain efficiency, macroeconomic variables, and pricing formula components in shaping profitability. Guided by Harold Hotelling’s theory of non-renewable resource pricing, the study employed a descriptive and correlational research design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A purposive sample of 30 respondents, drawn from petroleum company management and regulatory bodies, was surveyed. The results indicated that supply chain efficiency significantly enhances profitability, as evidenced by a mean score of 2.80 (SD = 1.297). Inflation, a key macroeconomic variable, was found to influence fuel price adjustments (mean = 2.40, SD = 1.380). Furthermore, respondents expressed skepticism about the pricing formula's reflection of international oil prices (mean = 2.27, SD = 1.258). The study concluded that improving supply chain systems, effectively managing macroeconomic risks, and periodically reviewing pricing mechanisms are essential for sustaining profitability in a volatile fuel market. Recommendations include strengthening supply chain strategies, adopting financial hedging, and revising pricing models to better reflect global trends.
Career Agility and Organizational Resilience: Responding to the Job Hopping Generation
The phenomenon of job hopping defined as frequent voluntary changes in employment within short time spans has become increasingly common in today’s dynamic labour market, particularly among millennial and Gen Z professionals. This research explores current job-hopping trends, their underlying drivers, and the strategic implications for employee retention policies across different sectors. By analysing patterns across age groups, industries, and organizational types, the study uncovers key factors such as career advancement, value alignment, flexibility, and dissatisfaction that influence employee mobility. Through case studies of organizations like Google, Deloitte, and Unilever, the paper highlights innovative practices in internal mobility, learning and development, and flexible work models that effectively respond to job hopping behaviours. The findings suggest that retention in the modern era must move beyond traditional incentives to focus on career customization, employee engagement, data-driven HR analytics, and well-articulated employee value propositions. The study concludes with strategic insights for workforce planning and outlines potential areas for future research, emphasizing the need for agile, purpose-driven, and personalized retention strategies in a rapidly evolving employment landscape.